Livestock Feed FAQ
Information about care & nutrition for your livestock
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Frequently Asked Questions About Livestock Feed
Have questions about what to feed your farm animals? Our Livestock Feed FAQ provides expert answers on nutrition, health, and general care for cows, goats, pigs, and sheep. Whether you’re looking for the best feed options or health tips, we’ve got you covered. Explore our frequently asked questions to ensure your livestock stays healthy and thriving!
Cows
Diet & Nutrition
Q: What should I feed my cows for optimal health?
Cows need a diet primarily made up of high-quality forages (grass, hay, silage) along with grains (corn, barley, oats) and protein supplement (soybean meal, cottonseed meal).
Minerals, vitamins, and plenty of fresh water are also essential for proper nutrition. Star Milling manufactures a variety of feed for your cows such as Stock Builder plus Ace Hi & Kelley’s cattle feeds.
Q: What is the ruminant digestion process of a cow?
Cows are ruminants, meaning they have a specialized stomach with four compartments:
- Rumen (fermentation vat)
- Reticulum (filter large particles)
- Omasum (absorbs water & nutrients)
- Abomasum (true stomach, like in a human)
Q: How does the digestion process work in cows?
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The cow swallows food quickly.
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Large unchewed particles move to the rumen and reticulum.
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The cow later regurgitates the cud (partially digested food).
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The cow will then chew the cud thoroughly before swallowing again.
Q: What are signs of healthy rumination in cows?
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A healthy cow will spend 6-8 hours a day chewing cud.
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Cows will typically chew 50-60 times per cud bolus.
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If a cow stops ruminating, it may indicate illness, stress or poor diet.
Q: Can cows eat only grass?
Yes, but their nutritional needs may not always be met with grass alone. Supplementing their diet with hay, minerals, and grain ensures proper energy levels, especially for lactating cows, growing calves, and beef cattle.
Q: Can cattle eat alfalfa?
Yes, alfalfa is a great source, but excessive feeding can cause bloat. It should be introduced gradually and mixed with grass hay.
Q: Is corn good for cattle?
Yes, corn is a high-energy feed that promotes weight gain, but it should be introduced gradually and balanced with fiber to prevent digestive issues like acidosis.
Q: What minerals do cattle need?
Cattle need salt, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, and trace minerals like zinc, copper, and selenium for growth, reproduction, and immune functions.
Feeding Schedule & Amounts
Q: How much feed does a cow need per day?
Cows need forage at 2 – 3% of their body weight per day (example: a 1,000 lb. cow will need 20-30 lbs. of dry matter).
Cows also require grains & supplements which will vary based on weight gain goals and forage quality.
Q: How much water do cows need daily?
A cow drinks 10 to 20 gallons of water per day, but this amount increases in hot weather, during lactation, or when eating dry feed. Providing clean, fresh water at all times is critical for digestion and milk production.
Health & Shelter
Q: What are the most common health issues in cows?
Common health problems include bloat, mastitis, milk fever, hoof rot, pneumonia, and parasites. Proper nutrition, vaccination, deworming, and regular vet checks help prevent disease.
Q: Why do cows regurgitate?
Cows use regurgitation to:
- Break down fibrous food: Cows initially swallow food with minimal chewing. Later, they regurgitate it to chew more thoroughly.
- Increase nutrient absorption: Chewing cud will increase surface area, making digestion more efficient.
- Aid microbial fermentation: Bacteria in the rumen break down cellulose, converting it into energy.
Q: How do I prevent bloat in cattle?
- Avoid sudden diet changes.
- Limit high protein forage like lush alfalfa.
- Cattle are very easy if you follow the basic rules. The more grazing (grass) time helps as well and feeding twice a day is the best.
Q: What kind of shelter do cows need?
Cows need a dry, well-ventilated shelter with shade in the summer and protection from wind, rain, and snow in colder months. Proper bedding (straw or sand) and clean living conditions help maintain their health.
Goats
Diet & Nutrition
Q: What should I feed my goats for a balanced diet?
Goats need a diet rich in high-quality forage (hay, pasture, or browse) as their primary food source. They also benefit from goat-specific grain feed such as Ace Hi goat feed, mineral supplements, and fresh water. Avoid overfeeding grain to prevent bloating and digestive issues.
Q: What should I feed my dairy goats?
Dairy goats need a balanced diet that includes:
- Forage: Good quality hay (alfalfa, timothy, or mixed) or pasture.
- Grain: A dairy goat feed with 14-18% protein, depending on their production level.
- Minerals: Free-choice loose minerals specifically formulated for goats.
- Water: Clean, fresh water at all times.
Q: How much water do goats need daily?
Goats drink half to one gallon of fresh water per day, depending on their size, diet, and climate. Lactating does require even more to support milk production.
Q: Can dairy goats eat only pasture?
While goats can graze on pasture, lactating does often need supplemental grain and high-quality hay to meet their energy and protein needs.
Q: How much grain should I feed a lactating goat?
Grain intake depends on milk production. A general guideline:
- 1 lb. of grain per 3 lbs. of milk produced per day.
- High-producing goats may need up to 3-4 lbs. of grain daily.
Q: Can goats eat kitchen scraps?
Some vegetable scraps (carrots, pumpkin, and leafy greens) are fine in moderation, but avoid onions, garlic, chocolate, rhubarb leaves, and avocado, as these can be toxic. Always introduce new foods slowly to prevent digestive upset.
Q: What plants are toxic to goats?
Goats should never eat azaleas, rhododendrons, oleander, wild cherry leaves, or nightshade plants, as these can be fatal. Always check pasture areas for toxic plants.
Feeding Schedule & Amounts
Q: How often should I feed my dairy goats?
- Hay and water: Free-choice, available all the time.
- Grain: Split into two feedings per day for better digestion.
Q: Do dairy goats need extra feed in winter?
Yes, they require more hay and grain in cold weather to maintain body heat and milk production.
Health & Shelter
Q: What are the signs of poor nutrition in dairy goats?
- Weight loss or excessive fat
- Low milk production
- Rough or dull coat
- Lethargy or weakness
- Poor reproductive performance
If you would like a more detailed feeding plan based on your goats’ needs, Contact Us for more details.
Q: What are common health issues in goats?
Goats are prone to parasites (worms, lice), bloat, hoof rot, pneumonia, and urinary calculi (in males). Routine deworming, hoof trimming, and proper shelter help prevent many of these issues.
Q: How often should I trim my goat’s hooves?
Goats’ hooves should be trimmed every 4–6 weeks to prevent overgrowth, hoof rot, and lameness. Regular hoof care helps maintain proper mobility and overall health.
Q: What kind of shelter do goats need?
Goats need a dry, draft-free shelter with good ventilation and protection from extreme weather. Provide bedding (straw or shavings), and keep the shelter clean to prevent disease.
Pigs
Diet & Nutrition
Q: What should I feed my pigs for a balanced diet?
Pigs need a well-balanced diet that includes grains (like corn and barley), protein sources (soybean meal, peas, or fish meal), fiber (vegetables, hay), and essential vitamins and minerals. Ace Hi & Kelley’s pig feed is formulated to meet their nutritional needs at different life stages.
Q: What nutrients do pigs need?
Pigs need a mix of carbohydrates (energy), protein (growth), fats, vitamins, and minerals like calcium and phosphorus.
Star Milling has a full balanced line of feed for all stages of your pigs growth.
- Pig Starter – 18% protein for pigs from 25-75 lbs.
- Pig Grower – 16% protein for pigs from 75- 175 lbs.
- Pig Finisher – 12.83% protein for pigs from 175-225 lbs.
Q: Do pigs need supplements?
Yes, pigs require essential minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and salt, along with vitamins like A, D, and E. Some may also benefit from probiotics or additional iron, especially piglets. Ace Hi & Kelley’s pig feed includes these nutrients in their formulations.
Q: What do baby piglets eat?
Piglets need their mother’s milk or a commercial pig milk replacer for the first few weeks. After weaning, they transition to a high-protein pig starter feed.
Q: Can pigs eat grass or hay?
Yes, pigs can eat grass, hay, and other fibrous plants, but they should not rely on them as their main food source. Fiber is important for digestion, but pigs still need a balanced diet high in protein and energy.
Q: What should I feed a pregnant or nursing sow?
Pregnant and lactating sows need a high-protein diet with extra energy and vitamins.
Ace Hi Sow Ration in our line that has all the proper nutrition that your sow will need. It carries all the Amino Acids, Energy, Fiber, Minerals, Vitamins and Omega-3 Fatty Acids that will sustain your sow throughout the entire time she is pregnant.
Q: Can pigs eat kitchen scraps?
Yes, but with caution. Pigs can eat fruits, vegetables, grains, and some dairy, but avoid feeding them processed foods, salty or sugary snacks, raw meat, or moldy food. Always ensure scraps are safe and nutritious.
Q: Can pigs eat raw meat?
No, feeding raw meat is dangerous due to the risk of disease transmission. Cooked meat is safer in small amounts.
Feeding Schedule & Amounts
Q: How often should I feed my pig?
Most pigs should be fed twice a day to ensure proper digestion and growth.
Q: How much should I feed my pig daily?
This depends on the pig’s age, weight, and purpose (meat production or pet). Generally, adult pigs eat 4-8 lbs. of feed per day, while piglets require specialized starter feed.
Q: Should pigs have constant access to food?
No, free-feeding can lead to obesity. Instead, provide controlled portions twice a day.
Q: How much water do pigs need daily?
Pigs need constant access to fresh, clean water. On average, an adult pig drinks 1-2 gallons per day per 100 lbs. of body weight, but this increases in hot weather or during lactation.
Q: What should I feed a pig for fast weight gain?
A high-energy diet with corn, soybean meal, and commercial grower feed helps pigs gain weight efficiently.
Health & Shelter
Q: Can pigs overeat?
Yes! Pigs will eat as much as they can, leading to obesity and health problems. It’s important to control their portions.
Q: What are common health issues in pigs?
Pigs can suffer from respiratory infections, parasites (worms, lice, mites), foot problems, and nutritional deficiencies. Vaccinations, proper hygiene, and a well-balanced diet help prevent many health problems.
Q: How do I prevent parasites in my pigs?
Regular deworming, clean bedding, and proper sanitation reduce the risk of internal and external parasites. Providing a dry, well-ventilated environment also helps prevent infestations.
Q: What kind of shelter do pigs need?
Pigs need a dry, draft-free shelter with good ventilation and protection from extreme weather. Provide adequate space, bedding (straw or shavings), and shade to keep them comfortable.
Pig pens should be cleaned at least once a week, with daily spot cleaning to remove waste. A clean environment helps prevent disease and keeps pigs healthy and happy.
Sheep
Diet & Nutrition
Q: What do sheep eat?
Sheep primarily eat grass, hay, silage, and grains. They also require mineral supplements.
Q: Can sheep eat only grass?
While sheep can survive on grass alone, their diet may need supplementation, especially in winter or for pregnant/lactating ewes.
Q: What type of hay is best for sheep?
Good-quality grass hay, alfalfa (for high energy needs), or legume hay can be fed, depending on their nutritional needs.
Q: Should I feed my sheep grain?
Grain is not necessary for all sheep but can be given to growing lambs, pregnant/lactating ewes, or finishing lambs for extra energy.
Q: What minerals do sheep need?
Sheep need salt, calcium, phosphorus, and trace minerals like selenium and copper (in controlled amounts, as excess copper is toxic).
Q: Can sheep eat cattle feed?
No, because cattle feed often contains too much copper, which is toxic to sheep.
Q: What do I feed pregnant ewes?
Increase their nutrient intake in the last 6 weeks of pregnancy with good-quality hay and some grain if needed.
Q: Can sheep eat kitchen scraps?
Some vegetable scraps are safe, but avoid onions, garlic, potatoes, and anything moldy or spoiled.
Q: What should I avoid feeding my sheep?
Toxic plants (e.g., yew, rhododendron, oleander), excessive grain, moldy hay, and high-copper feeds.
Feeding Schedule & Amounts
Q: How much should I feed my sheep daily?
Adult sheep generally consume 2-3% of their body weight in dry matter per day.
Q: How often should I feed my sheep?
Free-choice pasture is ideal, but supplemental feeding (hay/grain) should be done at least once or twice daily if pasture is insufficient.
Q: How much water do sheep need?
Clean, fresh water should always be available, especially for lactating ewes and in hot weather.
Health & Shelter
Q: How do I prevent bloating in sheep?
Introduce grain and lush pasture slowly, provide roughage, and avoid sudden diet changes.